o
Muzzle
of horse is not keratinous but bears a groove which is known as philtrum.
o
Guttural
pouches are downward diverticulum from the auditory tubes and are found only in
equines.
o
Epiploic
foramen of peritoneum is also known as foramina of Winslow.
o
The
average capacity of the stomach in adult animals ranges from 100-230 lts.
Depending upon the size of animal. Rumen occupies 80%, reticulum 5% and omasum
and abomasum occupy 7-8% each.
o
The
glandular and non-glandular part of stomach of horse are separated by a rough
line, termed margoplicatus.
o
In
horse at the left extremity of the stomach, there is a rounded cul-de-sac known
as saccus cecus.
o
The
terminal part of caecum in rabbit is slender and devoid of sacculation and
known as vermiform appendix.
o
In
fowl, at about middle portion of the jejunum a short closed remnant of yolk sac
is present and is known as Meckel’s diverticulum.
o
Zygomatic
salivary gland is an extra (4th pair) gland found in dog, situated
at the anterior part of the ptergopalatine fossa.
o
Nutritional
and functional blood supply of liver is through Hepatic artery and portal vein
respectively.
o
In
horse gall bladder is absent.
o
Main
function of spleen are phagocytosis, haemopoises, immune response and storage
of RBC.
o
Cartilages
of larynx are thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid and epiglottis.
o
Nutritional
and functional blood supply of lung is through bronchial artery and pulmonary
artery respectively.
o
In
fowl, eleven airs sacs present in lung. These are cervical (paired), clavicular
(unpaired), axillary (paired), cranial thoracic (paired), Caudal thoracic
(paired) and abdominal (paired).
o
In
fowl at the bifurcation of the trachea, two primary bronchi are dilated to form
a cartilaginous compartment and is known as syrinx.
o
In
horse, central portion of internal part of medulla forma a concave ridge which
projects into the pelvis and is known as renal crest. Perforated area (orifices
of renal tubule) at the crust is known as area eribrosa.
o
Lateral
ligaments of bladder are in the form of membrane and each contains in their
free margin, a rounded cord like structure known as round ligament.
o
Round
ligaments of bladder are remnants of umbilical arteries.
o
Ligament
of bladder are ventral ligament, lateral ligament and round ligament.
o
Vein
from the head of epididymis and from the upper end of testes unite to form a
convoluted plexus of veins around the spermatic artery and is known as
paminiform plexus.
o
Muscles
of penis are ischio cavernosus, Bulbo spongiosus and Retractor penis.
o
In
horse, at the base of the glans, there is border, known as corona glandis.
o
In
pig, an ovoid blind pouch is present just above the orifice of the prepuce, is
known as preputial diverticulum.
o
In
mare there is a depression on the free border of the ovary, known as ovulation
fossa.
o
Ovary
of bitch is enclosed in a peritoneal pouch, known as ovarian bursa.
o
Oviduct
of hen comprises of infundibulum, magnum, or albumin secreting portion, isthmus
or shell membrane secreting portion, uterus or shell gland region and vagina.
o
Canals
of Gartner are remnants of wolffian or mesonephric ducts.
o
Fosaa
ovalis of heart is site of foramen oval of foetal life.
o
Left
auriculo ventricular opening is guarded by bicuspid valve which is also known
as mitral valve.
o
Just
at the beginning of aorta, the wall of aorta is dilated and known as aortic
sinus or bulbus aorticus.
o
Vasa
vasorum are the vessels for thick blood vessels.
o
The
Rete mirabile cerebrale is formed from rete branches of maxillary artery,
meningeal branch of occipital artery and cranial branches of vertebral
arteries.
o
Post
ganglionic endings of parasympathetic system liberate acetylcholine.
o
Except
in sweat gland and in most of the blood vessels of skeletal muscles the post
ganglionic endings of sympathetic system liberate nor-adrenaline.
o
Ligmentum
arteriosum is remnant of ductus arteriosus of foetal life.
Position
of Heart:
Base of heart extend from third to
sixth rib and is placed about 10-12 cm below the spine. The apex of heart is
placed opposite to the sixth chondro-sternal joint. Fifth/seventh portion of
heart lies on the left side of the median plane because right lung is larger
than left one.
Layers
of Retina
(1). Internal limiting membrane (2). Layer of nerve fibers (3). Ganlionic cell layer
(4). Internal plexiform layer (5). Internal Nuclear layer (6). External plexiform layer
(7). External nuclear layer (8). External limiting membrane.
(9). Rods & cones (10). Pigment cell layer.
Bones
of middle ear are Malleus, Incus, and stapes.
Division
of Brain
1.
Fore
brain (prosencephlon)
a.
Telencephlon
Cerebral hemisphere
Lateral venticles
Anterior part of 3rd
ventricle
b.
Diencephalon
Thalami, optic nerve and Retina
Pineal body
Posterior part of 3rd
ventricle
Interpeduncular structure,
pituitary body.
2.
Mid
brain (Mesencephalon)
a.
Metencephalon b.
Mylencephalon
Cerbellum Medulla oblongata
Pons
Pecularities
of Brain:
Meninges Basal ganglia
Duramater corpus striatum
Arachnoid Clastrum
Plamater Amygdaloid nucleus
Cranial
Nerves:
Nerve Nature
1.
Olfactory
nerve Sensory
2.
Optic
nerve Sensory
3.
Oculomoter
nerve Motor
4.
Trochlear
(parthetic) nerve Motor
5.
Trigeminal
nerve Mixed
6.
Abducent
nerve Motor
7.
Facial
nerve Mixed
8.
Cochleo-vestibular
nerve Sensory
9.
Glosso
pharyngeal nerve Mixed
10. Vagus nerve Mixed
11. Acessory nerve Motor
12. Hypoglossal nerve Motor
Spinal Nerve:
Animal Cervical Thoracic Lumber Sacral Coccygeal Total
Ox 8 13 6 5 5 37
Horse 8 18 6 5 5 42
Dog 8 13 7 3 4 35
Pig 8 15 6-7 4 5 39
Fowl have 36 pairs of spinal nerve.
Cervical Thoracic Lumbo-sacral Total
15 7 14 36
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