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Tuesday 28 January 2020

Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial Diseases:-
Hemorrahgic septicemia(H S):
Also known as pasturelosis, stockyardis disease, shiping fever, barbon diseaseThis is No 1 bacterial disease in Pakistan. H.S is an acute ,septicemic bacterial disease of cattle and buffalo. It is characterised by high temp, severe depression, pneumonia and swelling at throat region/ neck.
Etiology:
            Pasturela Multocida is the causative agent of this disease. It has four types. Type A: It causes

  •                            Bovine pneumonic pasturelosis in cattle and buffalo.
  •               Mastits, pneumoing in sheep and gaot.
  •               Rhinits and pneumonia in Pig.
  •               Fowl cholera in poultry.

Type B: it causes Hemorrhagic septicemia in Asia.
Type D: causes rhinitis in pig
Type E: causes Hemorraghic septicemia.
Predisposing Factor:

  • Over work that cause fatigue,
  • Poor body condition,
  • Moonsoon rain,
  • Transportation stress
  • close confinement
Epidemiology:
            H. S is present in all tropical and subtropical areas. Mostly it occurs in Rushia,  Africa, Australia, India, Pakistan, Indionasia, Malayasia, Phelpine and Thiland.
 Buffalo is most susceptible than cattle.
Animal of all age are susceptible but more susceptible age is 6-24 months.
 Mortality and Morbidity rate vary from 50-100%.
Out breaks of this disease is often associated with wet humid wheather during rainy season.
Pathogensis:
            Pasturela Mulltocida normally commensel of upper respiratory tract and may invade tissue of immunosupressed animal. Exogenus transmission occurs through direct contact or through aerosol route.
2 factors are important in pathogensis .

  1. adhesion of bactera to mucosa (fimbrae).
  2. To avoid from phagocytosis (capsule).
             Severe septicemia may occur which is associated with capsular material of bactera. The effect of septicemia are more severe in respiratory tract, heart and gastrointestinal tarct.
Clinical Findings:
  Four type of clinical findings.

  1. Oedematous form
  2. Pulmonary form
  3.  Alimentary  form
  4. Septicemic form                                                                                                               
1. Edematous form:

  •  Swelling on neck/throat region.
  • High temperature upto 106-107 F.
  • Off feed
  • Severe depressed
  •  Perfuse salivation
  • Dyspnea
  • Some time death may occur in severe cases.
2.  Pulmonary form:

  • No swelling on neck
  • Temperature remain 104-105F
  • Open mouth breathing
  • Protrude and cyanotic tongue
  • Dyspnea which may lead to death.
3. Alimentary form:

  • Diarrhea
  • Loss of appetite
  • Increase thirst
  • Dehydration
4. Septicemic form:
  •  Increase temperature
  • This form is of very short duration, endotoxin produce and circulate in blood. Animal die in short period of time
Diagnosis:

  • History and clinical sign
  • Observe throat swelling
  • Open mouth breathing
  • Tongue cyanotic
  • Observe month( june, july and august.
Differential diagnosis:

  1. Black Quarter:

  •    clostridium infection, thigh muscle and shoulder muscle involve.
  •    Lameness
  •    Swelling of quarter
  •    This is soil born disease.
     2. Anthrax:
  • Bleeding from natural orifices
     3.Wooden tongue:
Treatment:
Use bacteriostate drugs instead of bacteriocidal in this disease.
Drug of choice is Sulphonamides calve 100ml large animal 200ml I/V
Or
Tribersin (sulphmetnzine 150mg/kg + chloramphenicol 10mg/kg) for 3-4 days.
Give fluid therapy.
Use antipyretic .
Use bronchodilators

Mastitis:-

It is an infectious but consider as managemental disease. Mastitis is characterized by inflammation of parenchymal cells of udder.
Inflammation of mamory gland is called as mamilitis. Complication of mamalitis is mastits.
Etiology:-
Staplococcus aureus is gram +ve bacteria and other bacteria like streptococcus agalacae, corynobacterium, E. coli, enterococci, mycoplasma bovis, klebshiela etc.
Mastitis is actually contagious and environmental disease.
Managemental problems:-
            Poor bedding, housing, hot, humid area favour pathogens present in wood dust, rice straw.
Mortality is negligible but morbidity is very high and more economic loss.
Subclinical mastitis has more economical losses because no signs so no treatment.
Physio-chemical changes in mastitic milk are taste, consistency. Only can be diagnosed by tests.
Clinical signs:-
Subclinical mastitis:-
Anthrax: 
It is also known as spleenic fever, carbuncles, wool sorter’s disease, hide porter’s disease and malignant pustular dermatitis.
It is per acute disease characterized by septicemia and sudden death accompanied by the exudation of tery blood from the natural orifices after death.
Etiology:
This disease is caused by bacteria bacillus anthracic. Bacillus anthracic is Gram +ve , spore forming, non-motile capsulated, aerobic bacteria. Spore are very resistant to chemical disinfectant. These spore may survive in the soil for years and for ten years in the culture. The organism produces medusa head appearance on nutrient agar. The spores remain resistant to 100oC for five minutes.
Epidemiology:
Anthrax is world wide in distribution but incidences are more common in hot-humid climate. Infection remains in the soil and suitable climate supports the occurrence. The morbidity and mortality rate is very high.
Pathogenesis:
After ingestion of the spores or entry through abrasions in the epithelium or through scratches caused by fibrous food materials. The bacteria are moved to the local lymph nodes by motile phagocytes. After proliferation in this site the bacilli pass via the lymphatic vessels in to the blood stream and septicemia takes place followed by massive invasion of all body tissues. During multiplication it releases lethal toxins that cause edema, tissue damage, and haemorraghes. Death occur due to shock, renal failiure and terminal anoxia mediated by CNS.
Clinical findings:
*      Incubation Period: 2-10 days
Four types:

  1.  Per acute
  2.  Acute
  3.  Sub-acute
  4. Chronic
1. Per-acute:

  •       Death occurs without showing any signs.
2. Acute:
  • Temp 104 oF
  •  Increase heart beat
  • Rapid and deep respiration
  • Mucosae congested and hemorrhagic
  • Diarrhea and dysentery
3. Sub-acute and Chronic forms:
  • Edema
  • Loss of appetite
  • Blood in milk for weeks
Postmortem findings:

  • Carcass should not be opened if confirmed
  • Terry blood from natural orifices
  • Increase spleen size
Diagnosis:

  • On the basis of signs
  • History
  • Ascoli’s test for anthrax
Differential diagnosis:-
Black Quarter: 

  • there will be frothy bleeding from nostrils. But in anthrax there is terry blood from natural orifices.
Treatment:
Pencilline 10000 IU/kg I/M twice daily is drug of choice
Oxytetracycline 8-10 mg/day

Black Quarters:-
            It is also known as black leg, quarter ill and symptomatic anthrax.It is manifested by severe toxemia and high mortality.

Etiology:-
            It is caused by clostridium shovei which is gram +ve, rod shape, anaerobic and spore forming bacteria. The spores of this bacterium are highly resistant to heat. Spores can tolerate the temperature up to 120oc or may live for many years in the soil. This bacterium have four type of exotoxins  α, β, γ and epsilon toxins.
Epidemiology:-
            Bollinger was scientist who first who identify this disease. Black quarter is an enzootic disease of tropical countries of world. This disease occurs after heavy rainfall and flood. Animal of 6-24 months are more susceptible for this disease. While cattle is more susceptible than other animals. Animal having good body condition are more susceptible to this disease.
Transmission:-
            This disease comes under the heading of soil born infections. It is spread by infected carcass. It may also be transmit due to contaminated feed, water, wound or trauma in large animals. In small animal it may be transmitted during shearing, docking, castrating or kidding/lambing.
Pathogenesis:-
            Spore may enter through injured mucosa of alimentary tract then it moves to the blood where it produces toxins and causes septicemia. Then it is engulfed by macrophages and reaches to muscles and causes hemorrhages due to injured capillaries. Toxins produce systemic reaction and local lesions and local lesions. Aspirate toxemia cause death in animals. In immune animals there is permanent damage of affected part.
Clinical signs:-
1.      Incubation period: 2-6 days
2.      Increase temperature 106-107 oF
3.      Swelling of affected part………. Swelling is hot and painful with passage of time swelling will cold and painless.
4.      Bubble formation by toxins.
5.      Necrosis
6.      Animal will feel restlessness
7.      Dull, depress
8.      Loss in appetite
9.      Abdominal pain and increase thirst
10.   Skin become dry and rough
11.  Death occur within 3-4 days
12.  In severe cases there may be lemeness and rupter of skin, discoloration of skin and fowl smelling.
Diagnosis:
            O n the basis of signs and symptoms
            FAT ( florescent antigen test)

Differential diagnosis:-
            Antrax:- at the death there will be bleeding in natural orifices. But in Black Quarter there will be frothy bleeding from nostrils.
Treatment:-
            Pencilline is drug of choice 20 I.U twice daily
            NASAIDs or steroids 1ml/10kg
            Antihistaminic drugs (Avil)
            Fluid therapy
            Multivitamins (never use ca in high fever because it leads to tachycardia.)
Controls:-
            Vaccination in April
            Deep burial of carcass 6-7 feet.
            Avoid animal grazing on contaminated pasture.
            Never open the carcass


Tetanas:
       It is also known as lock jaw, saw horse disease.

Etiology:
       Tetanus is caused by clostridium tetani. It is a G +ve, motile anaerobic bacteria. It is normal habitat in carnivors. It has three strains H, A and O. and produces three types of toxins.

  1. Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)
  2. Tetanolysin (haemolysin)
  3. Fibrolysin
Epidemiology:
           Tetanus occurs in all species of animals. All age of animals such as horses, mules, sheep, goats and cattle are susceptible but equines are more susceptible among all. Sometimes outbreaks are observed in young animals. Morbidity rate is high and mortality rate is 80%.
Pathogenesis:
             The bacteria enter through deep punctured wounds in case of retain placenta, porlapse, shearing, docking and vaccination. When there is low Oin these tissues, this will help the spores of clostridium to germinate, grow and produce toxin. Tetanospasmin or neurotoxin is released by cellular autolysis. It is absorbed and disseminated in to bold to produce neurotoxic effect through absorption by peripheral nerve endings. It affacts centrally in the spinal cord and brain and peripherally on motor nerves to produce spastic paralysis. Flaccid paralysis also occurs due to local invasion of the nerves. Death occurs due to apnea as a result of fixation of respiratory muscles.
Clinical findings:
  • Incubation period few days to few weeks.
  • Suddenly progressive stiffness.
  •  Prolapsed of  3rd eye lid with the passage of time.
  •  Erection of ears
  • Saw-horse posture.
  • Animal standed with extended feet.
  • Death occur due to asphyxia
Diagnosis:
  •  on the basis of history
  •  clinical signs
  • stiff legs and locked jaw.
Differential diagnosis:
Milk fever: 
             In milk fever there quick response of ca therapy but in tetanus there is no such effect of calcium.
Strychnine poisoning: 
              History of accident feeding, absence of wounds,
Treatment:
Pencilline 10000IU/kg twice
 Chlorpromazine 0.2mg/kg as muscle relexant
 Mgso4
Homeopathic treatment:
Camphora-10 drops every 20 minutes. After camphora administer belladonna every hour.

Lpetospirosis:
Etiology:
           Leptospirosis is caused by leptospira, which is more than 212 serotypes. In old books it is serotype in new one it is serovars. The pathogenic specie is L. enterogen. It affects all ruminents, canine and feline family as well as in human beings. This disease is of two types
  1. Host adapted
  2.  Non host adopted
Non host adopted:
L. pomona is specific for dogs if it infect in cattle that infection will be non host adapted infection. The cattle will be incidental or accidental host.
Host adapted:
L. hardjo is specific for cattle. If cattle get infected from this then it will be host adapted infection. Non host adapted form of infection is more severe than host adapted infection.
Transmission:
          This is more fragile bacteria; it grows in moist, marshy and rainy areas. It can servive upto 6 month. It destroyes with in 30 min if the area is dry. PH from 6-8 is gud growth for its growth. It cannot servive in less than 10 C and more than 40 C. it shed through urine, semen, aborted fetus. Sheding occur after 6 month of recovery from disease.
Pathogensis:
             It enters through skin, ingestion and direct contact and multiplies in epithelial cells and extra cellular fluid. Then it enter into blood and produces hemolysin and cause hemolysis. its predilection site is liver and kidney. In kidney it causes glumerulonephritis. It also causes abortion in 2nd trimester of pregnancy.
This is No# 1 occupational hazzard in newzeland. 34% veterinarians are infected with Leptospira. No vaccine available for human.
Clinical Findings:
Three types
  1. Acute
  2. Subacute
  3. Chronic
Acute:
  •  I.P= 4-7 days
  • Temperature upto 107 F
  •  Milk production drop
  •  Anorexia
  • Anemia
  • White spotted kidney
  • Dyspnea
  •  Abortion in 1st week
Subacute:
  •  Less severe
  • Abortion in 3-4 weeks
  • Increase temperature upto 105 F
Chronic:
  • Abortion and other signs
Occult:
  • Only abortion
  • Increase antibody titer
 L. pomono causes acute and subacute form it secretes hemolysin and causes homolysis.
L. hadjo cause chronic form it cannot secrete hemolysin but causes abortion.
Differential diagnosis:
1. Bacillary Hemoglubinuria:
No abortion and is caused by clostridium hemoluticam, clostridium novyae. No milk drop syndrome spountaneosly.
2. Bebasiosis:
Ticks are present.
3. PPH:
Due to the deficiency of Phosphorus. No temperature.
Diagnosis:
Culture tests.
Treatment:
Streptomycin, ox tetracycline are drug of choice.
Conrol:
         Vaccine is available for dog, buffalo and cattle. Pentavalent vaccine for cattle and buffalo. L. Pomona, L. hardjo, icterohemorrhagica, kirschneria and grippotyphosa.
Tetravalent vaccine is for dog.

Bacillary Hemoglubinuria:
     It is caused by clostridium hemolyticum, clostridium  navyae type D. spore forming anaerobic soil born rod shaped G +ve bacteria. It is normally present in the soil and liver. All clostridail pathogens live in soil as well as in liver. They can survive up to 1 year outside the body of animal. This was observed on the bone of dead animal which was died one year ago.
Clostridium Navyae type D produce two types of toxin.
  1. Necrotoxins
  2. Β- hemolytica
Type A, B; C and D are toxin producer. All are pathogenic except type C which is non pathogenic. Type B cause black disease, necrotic hepatitis in sheep and goat.
Necrotoxins:
It causes necrosis.
Β-hemolytica:
it causes rupture of blood vessels, breakdown of RBCs.
This disease is prevalent in autumn and summer.
Transmission:
Transfer through direct ingestion from there it goes to epithelial cells of liver (predilection site). If damage of parenchyma it causes anerobic condition and start its activity and cause localize necrosis.
Clinical Findings:
  •   Ip 1-7 days
  •  Sudden death without signs.
  • Sudden increase temperature up to 106-107F.
  • Sudden decrease in milk production
  • Animal feel abdominal pain due to liver damage
  • Edema of braskit
  •  Dark brown color feces
  •  Hypoxia and severe anemia
  •  Death
  • Abortion in later stages.
Treatment:
  •  G +ve medication.
  • Pencillin drug of choice for all clostridium pathogens
  •  Amoxicilline
Control:
  • Vaccination 4-6 week before prevalence
  • In calf and newborn vaccinate at six month and then annually
  • Twice in year if the disease is more prevalent
  • Affected carcass should be properly disposed off.
Actionmycosis (Lumpy Jaw):
Actinomycosis is sporadic disease therefore rarely animal transmission