Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial Diseases:-

Hemorrahgic septicemia(H S):

Also known as pasturelosis, stockyardis disease, shiping fever, barbon disease. This is No 1 bacterial disease in Pakistan. H.S is an acute ,septicemic bacterial disease of cattle and buffalo. It is characterised by high temp, severe depression, pneumonia and swelling at throat region/ neck.

Etiology:

            Pasturela Multocida is the causative agent of this disease. It has four types. Type A: It causes

•                            Bovine pneumonic pasturelosis in cattle and buffalo.
•               Mastits, pneumoing in sheep and gaot.
•               Rhinits and pneumonia in Pig.
•               Fowl cholera in poultry.

Type B: it causes Hemorrhagic septicemia in Asia.

Type D: causes rhinitis in pig

Type E: causes Hemorraghic septicemia.

Predisposing Factor:

• Over work that cause fatigue,
• Poor body condition,
• Moonsoon rain,
• Transportation stress
• close confinement

Epidemiology:

            H. S is present in all tropical and subtropical areas. Mostly it occurs in Rushia,  Africa, Australia, India, Pakistan, Indionasia, Malayasia, Phelpine and Thiland.

 Buffalo is most susceptible than cattle.

Animal of all age are susceptible but more susceptible age is 6-24 months.

 Mortality and Morbidity rate vary from 50-100%.

Out breaks of this disease is often associated with wet humid wheather during rainy season.

Pathogensis:

            Pasturela Mulltocida normally commensel of upper respiratory tract and may invade tissue of immunosupressed animal. Exogenus transmission occurs through direct contact or through aerosol route.
2 factors are important in pathogensis .

1. adhesion of bactera to mucosa (fimbrae).
2. To avoid from phagocytosis (capsule).

             Severe septicemia may occur which is associated with capsular material of bactera. The effect of septicemia are more severe in respiratory tract, heart and gastrointestinal tarct.

Clinical Findings:

  Four type of clinical findings.

1. Oedematous form
2. Pulmonary form
3.  Alimentary  form
4. Septicemic form                                                                                                               

1. Edematous form:

•  Swelling on neck/throat region.
• High temperature upto 106-107 F.
• Off feed
• Severe depressed
•  Perfuse salivation
• Dyspnea
• Some time death may occur in severe cases.

2.  Pulmonary form:

• No swelling on neck
• Temperature remain 104-105F
• Open mouth breathing
• Protrude and cyanotic tongue
• Dyspnea which may lead to death.

3. Alimentary form:

• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Increase thirst
• Dehydration

4. Septicemic form:

•  Increase temperature
• This form is of very short duration, endotoxin produce and circulate in blood. Animal die in short period of time

Diagnosis:

• History and clinical sign
• Observe throat swelling
• Open mouth breathing
• Tongue cyanotic
• Observe month( june, july and august.

Differential diagnosis:

1. Black Quarter:

•    clostridium infection, thigh muscle and shoulder muscle involve.
•    Lameness
•    Swelling of quarter
•    This is soil born disease.

     2. Anthrax:

• Bleeding from natural orifices

     3.Wooden tongue:

Treatment:

Use bacteriostate drugs instead of bacteriocidal in this disease.

Drug of choice is Sulphonamides calve 100ml large animal 200ml I/V

Or

Tribersin (sulphmetnzine 150mg/kg + chloramphenicol 10mg/kg) for 3-4 days.

Give fluid therapy.

Use antipyretic .

Use bronchodilators

Mastitis:-

It is an infectious but consider as managemental disease. Mastitis is characterized by inflammation of parenchymal cells of udder.

Inflammation of mamory gland is called as mamilitis. Complication of mamalitis is mastits.

Etiology:-

Staplococcus aureus is gram +ve bacteria and other bacteria like streptococcus agalacae, corynobacterium, E. coli, enterococci, mycoplasma bovis, klebshiela etc.

Mastitis is actually contagious and environmental disease.

Managemental problems:-

            Poor bedding, housing, hot, humid area favour pathogens present in wood dust, rice straw.

Mortality is negligible but morbidity is very high and more economic loss.

Subclinical mastitis has more economical losses because no signs so no treatment.

Physio-chemical changes in mastitic milk are taste, consistency. Only can be diagnosed by tests.

Clinical signs:-

Subclinical mastitis:-

Anthrax: 

It is also known as spleenic fever, carbuncles, wool sorter’s disease, hide porter’s disease and malignant pustular dermatitis.

It is per acute disease characterized by septicemia and sudden death accompanied by the exudation of tery blood from the natural orifices after death.

Etiology:

This disease is caused by bacteria bacillus anthracic. Bacillus anthracic is Gram +ve , spore forming, non-motile capsulated, aerobic bacteria. Spore are very resistant to chemical disinfectant. These spore may survive in the soil for years and for ten years in the culture. The organism produces medusa head appearance on nutrient agar. The spores remain resistant to 100^oC for five minutes.

Epidemiology:

Anthrax is world wide in distribution but incidences are more common in hot-humid climate. Infection remains in the soil and suitable climate supports the occurrence. The morbidity and mortality rate is very high.

Pathogenesis:

After ingestion of the spores or entry through abrasions in the epithelium or through scratches caused by fibrous food materials. The bacteria are moved to the local lymph nodes by motile phagocytes. After proliferation in this site the bacilli pass via the lymphatic vessels in to the blood stream and septicemia takes place followed by massive invasion of all body tissues. During multiplication it releases lethal toxins that cause edema, tissue damage, and haemorraghes. Death occur due to shock, renal failiure and terminal anoxia mediated by CNS.

Clinical findings:

      Incubation Period: 2-10 days

Four types:

1.  Per acute
2.  Acute
3.  Sub-acute
4. Chronic

1. Per-acute:

•       Death occurs without showing any signs.

2. Acute:

• Temp 104 ^oF
•  Increase heart beat
• Rapid and deep respiration
• Mucosae congested and hemorrhagic
• Diarrhea and dysentery

3. Sub-acute and Chronic forms:

• Edema
• Loss of appetite
• Blood in milk for weeks

Postmortem findings:

• Carcass should not be opened if confirmed
• Terry blood from natural orifices
• Increase spleen size

Diagnosis:

• On the basis of signs
• History
• Ascoli’s test for anthrax

Differential diagnosis:-

Black Quarter: 

• there will be frothy bleeding from nostrils. But in anthrax there is terry blood from natural orifices.

Treatment:

Pencilline 10000 IU/kg I/M twice daily is drug of choice

Oxytetracycline 8-10 mg/day

Black Quarters:-

            It is also known as black leg, quarter ill and symptomatic anthrax.It is manifested by severe toxemia and high mortality.

Etiology:-

            It is caused by clostridium shovei which is gram +ve, rod shape, anaerobic and spore forming bacteria. The spores of this bacterium are highly resistant to heat. Spores can tolerate the temperature up to 120^oc or may live for many years in the soil. This bacterium have four type of exotoxins  α, β, γ and epsilon toxins.

Epidemiology:-

            Bollinger was scientist who first who identify this disease. Black quarter is an enzootic disease of tropical countries of world. This disease occurs after heavy rainfall and flood. Animal of 6-24 months are more susceptible for this disease. While cattle is more susceptible than other animals. Animal having good body condition are more susceptible to this disease.

Transmission:-

            This disease comes under the heading of soil born infections. It is spread by infected carcass. It may also be transmit due to contaminated feed, water, wound or trauma in large animals. In small animal it may be transmitted during shearing, docking, castrating or kidding/lambing.

Pathogenesis:-

            Spore may enter through injured mucosa of alimentary tract then it moves to the blood where it produces toxins and causes septicemia. Then it is engulfed by macrophages and reaches to muscles and causes hemorrhages due to injured capillaries. Toxins produce systemic reaction and local lesions and local lesions. Aspirate toxemia cause death in animals. In immune animals there is permanent damage of affected part.

Clinical signs:-

1.      Incubation period: 2-6 days

2.      Increase temperature 106-107 ^oF

3.      Swelling of affected part………. Swelling is hot and painful with passage of time swelling will cold and painless.

4.      Bubble formation by toxins.

5.      Necrosis

6.      Animal will feel restlessness

7.      Dull, depress

8.      Loss in appetite

9.      Abdominal pain and increase thirst

10.   Skin become dry and rough

11.  Death occur within 3-4 days

12.  In severe cases there may be lemeness and rupter of skin, discoloration of skin and fowl smelling.

Diagnosis:

            O n the basis of signs and symptoms

            FAT ( florescent antigen test)

Differential diagnosis:-

            Antrax:- at the death there will be bleeding in natural orifices. But in Black Quarter there will be frothy bleeding from nostrils.

Treatment:-

            Pencilline is drug of choice 20 I.U twice daily

            NASAIDs or steroids 1ml/10kg

            Antihistaminic drugs (Avil)

            Fluid therapy

            Multivitamins (never use ca in high fever because it leads to tachycardia.)

Controls:-

            Vaccination in April

            Deep burial of carcass 6-7 feet.

            Avoid animal grazing on contaminated pasture.

            Never open the carcass


Tetanas:
       It is also known as lock jaw, saw horse disease.

Etiology:
       Tetanus is caused by clostridium tetani. It is a G +ve, motile anaerobic bacteria. It is normal habitat in carnivors. It has three strains H, A and O. and produces three types of toxins.

1. Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)
2. Tetanolysin (haemolysin)
3. Fibrolysin

Epidemiology:

           Tetanus occurs in all species of animals. All age of animals such as horses, mules, sheep, goats and cattle are susceptible but equines are more susceptible among all. Sometimes outbreaks are observed in young animals. Morbidity rate is high and mortality rate is 80%.

Pathogenesis:

             The bacteria enter through deep punctured wounds in case of retain placenta, porlapse, shearing, docking and vaccination. When there is low O₂ in these tissues, this will help the spores of clostridium to germinate, grow and produce toxin. Tetanospasmin or neurotoxin is released by cellular autolysis. It is absorbed and disseminated in to bold to produce neurotoxic effect through absorption by peripheral nerve endings. It affacts centrally in the spinal cord and brain and peripherally on motor nerves to produce spastic paralysis. Flaccid paralysis also occurs due to local invasion of the nerves. Death occurs due to apnea as a result of fixation of respiratory muscles.

Clinical findings:

• Incubation period few days to few weeks.
• Suddenly progressive stiffness.
•  Prolapsed of  3^rd eye lid with the passage of time.
•  Erection of ears
• Saw-horse posture.
• Animal standed with extended feet.
• Death occur due to asphyxia

Diagnosis:

•  on the basis of history
•  clinical signs
• stiff legs and locked jaw.

Differential diagnosis:

Milk fever: 

             In milk fever there quick response of ca therapy but in tetanus there is no such effect of calcium.

Strychnine poisoning: 

              History of accident feeding, absence of wounds,

Treatment:

Pencilline 10000IU/kg twice

 Chlorpromazine 0.2mg/kg as muscle relexant

 Mgso₄

Homeopathic treatment:

Camphora-10 drops every 20 minutes. After camphora administer belladonna every hour.

Lpetospirosis:

Etiology:

           Leptospirosis is caused by leptospira, which is more than 212 serotypes. In old books it is serotype in new one it is serovars. The pathogenic specie is L. enterogen. It affects all ruminents, canine and feline family as well as in human beings. This disease is of two types

1. Host adapted
2.  Non host adopted

Non host adopted:

L. pomona is specific for dogs if it infect in cattle that infection will be non host adapted infection. The cattle will be incidental or accidental host.

Host adapted:

L. hardjo is specific for cattle. If cattle get infected from this then it will be host adapted infection. Non host adapted form of infection is more severe than host adapted infection.

Transmission:

          This is more fragile bacteria; it grows in moist, marshy and rainy areas. It can servive upto 6 month. It destroyes with in 30 min if the area is dry. PH from 6-8 is gud growth for its growth. It cannot servive in less than 10 C and more than 40 C. it shed through urine, semen, aborted fetus. Sheding occur after 6 month of recovery from disease.

Pathogensis:

             It enters through skin, ingestion and direct contact and multiplies in epithelial cells and extra cellular fluid. Then it enter into blood and produces hemolysin and cause hemolysis. its predilection site is liver and kidney. In kidney it causes glumerulonephritis. It also causes abortion in 2^nd trimester of pregnancy.

This is No# 1 occupational hazzard in newzeland. 34% veterinarians are infected with Leptospira. No vaccine available for human.

Clinical Findings:

Three types

1. Acute
2. Subacute
3. Chronic

Acute:

•  I.P= 4-7 days
• Temperature upto 107 F
•  Milk production drop
•  Anorexia
• Anemia
• White spotted kidney
• Dyspnea
•  Abortion in 1^st week

Subacute:

•  Less severe
• Abortion in 3-4 weeks
• Increase temperature upto 105 F

Chronic:

• Abortion and other signs

Occult:

• Only abortion
• Increase antibody titer

 L. pomono causes acute and subacute form it secretes hemolysin and causes homolysis.

L. hadjo cause chronic form it cannot secrete hemolysin but causes abortion.

Differential diagnosis:

1. Bacillary Hemoglubinuria:

No abortion and is caused by clostridium hemoluticam, clostridium novyae. No milk drop syndrome spountaneosly.

2. Bebasiosis:

Ticks are present.

3. PPH:

Due to the deficiency of Phosphorus. No temperature.

Diagnosis:

Culture tests.

Treatment:

Streptomycin, ox tetracycline are drug of choice.

Conrol:

         Vaccine is available for dog, buffalo and cattle. Pentavalent vaccine for cattle and buffalo. L. Pomona, L. hardjo, icterohemorrhagica, kirschneria and grippotyphosa.

Tetravalent vaccine is for dog.

Bacillary Hemoglubinuria:

     It is caused by clostridium hemolyticum, clostridium  navyae type D. spore forming anaerobic soil born rod shaped G +ve bacteria. It is normally present in the soil and liver. All clostridail pathogens live in soil as well as in liver. They can survive up to 1 year outside the body of animal. This was observed on the bone of dead animal which was died one year ago.

Clostridium Navyae type D produce two types of toxin.

1. Necrotoxins
2. Β- hemolytica

Type A, B; C and D are toxin producer. All are pathogenic except type C which is non pathogenic. Type B cause black disease, necrotic hepatitis in sheep and goat.

Necrotoxins:

It causes necrosis.

Β-hemolytica:

it causes rupture of blood vessels, breakdown of RBCs.

This disease is prevalent in autumn and summer.

Transmission:

Transfer through direct ingestion from there it goes to epithelial cells of liver (predilection site). If damage of parenchyma it causes anerobic condition and start its activity and cause localize necrosis.

Clinical Findings:

•   Ip 1-7 days
•  Sudden death without signs.
• Sudden increase temperature up to 106-107F.
• Sudden decrease in milk production
• Animal feel abdominal pain due to liver damage
• Edema of braskit
•  Dark brown color feces
•  Hypoxia and severe anemia
•  Death
• Abortion in later stages.

Treatment:

•  G +ve medication.
• Pencillin drug of choice for all clostridium pathogens
•  Amoxicilline

Control:

• Vaccination 4-6 week before prevalence
• In calf and newborn vaccinate at six month and then annually
• Twice in year if the disease is more prevalent
• Affected carcass should be properly disposed off.

Actionmycosis (Lumpy Jaw):

Actinomycosis is sporadic disease therefore rarely animal transmission

Definitions

Nutrition:

            It is the science of series of process by which food or feed is taken in and absorbed into the body of an organism which serves for purpose of growth, work , maintenance and repair of the vital process.

Nutrient:

            It may be any feed constituent that aids in the support of life.

Concentrate:

            The feed stuffs which are rich in TDN and low in fibre contents.

Roughages:

            The feed stuffs which are rich in crude fibre and low in total digestible nutrients.

Forage:

            Forage is a broad term. Any roughages used for livestock feed including fodder, pasture, range land grasses and straws.

Fodder:

            Fodder is a part of forage. It is only cultivated forage which is cut and offered to animals.

Hay:

            Green forage harvested during the growing season and preserved by drying for subsequent use during fodder scarcity period.

Silage:

Silage is green plant material preserved by anaerobic fermentation.

Pasture:

            A fenced area of domesticated forage, usually improved on which animal are grazed.

Range:

Large, naturally vegetated area of relatively low productivity unfenced grazed by livestock.

Total Digestible Nutrients:

            A term used to express the energy value of feed stuffs or feed mixture. It is determined by the summation of the digestible C.P+digestible C.F+ digestible E-E/time*2.25 and + digestible NFE. It express amount of heat or energy present in feed stuffs.

Non Protein Nitrogen:

            Nitrogen originating from other than an amino acid sources but may be used by bacteria in the rumen to synthesize protein NPN sources includes compounds like urea and anhydrous ammonia which are used in feed formulation for ruminants.

Microbiology:

Allergy:

            It is a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to particular allergen exposure eliciting an altered capacity to react.

Antibody:

            It is the immunoglobulin product of B-cells and plasma cells that combines specially with the antigen that activated the cell.

Antigen:

            It is the substance that activates the immune system to produce T-cells or B- cells against that substance.

Asepsis:

            It is the freedom from infections

Antiseptic:

            These are the substances which kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms, which applied locally on living tissues. Like povidine etc.

Disinfectants:

            These are the substance which kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms, which are applied on living things. Like phenols etc.

Vaccine:

            It is a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms administered for the prevention, or treatment of infectious diseases.

Attenuated Virus:

            It is one whose pathogenicity has been reduced by serial animal passage or by other means.

Acquired Immunity:

            It is the state of heightened specific immunity acquired by exposure to a particular foreign antigen.

Endotoxin:

            The toxin produced after the death of bacteria is known as endotoxin.

Exotoxin:

            The toxin produced by live bacteria is known as endotoxin.

Animal Breeding And Genetics:

Acquired Character:

            This term applies to possibilities of an environmentally induced change in body becoming hereditary

Aberration:

            A change from the normal  is known as aberration.

Alleles:

            Alternative forms of genes are called alleles.

Correlation:

            Association between characteristics of individuals is known as correlation.

Covariance:

            Variation that is common between two traits. It may be result from joint hereditary or environmental influences.

Genotype:

            This is the complete genetic make up of an individual.

Phenotype:

            It is the external appearance or some other observable or measurable characteristics of an individual.

Pedigree:

            It is a record of animals from which a given individual is descended. The definition is always extended to include animals, which are collaterally related to an individual.

Progeny:

            The young or offspring of the given individuals.

Selection:

            The causing or allowing certain individuals to produce the next generation.

Sire:

            Sire is the father of an individual.

Calving Interval:

            The period between birth of two successive calves from one cow.

Dry Period:

            Period of non-lactating between two periods of lactation.

Service Period:

            The time from calving to next conception is known as service period.

Gestation Period:

            The period from mating to the parturition is known as gestation period.

Proven Sire:

            A bull with at least 10 daughters which have completed lactation records and which are born of dams with completed lactation records.

Animal Reproduction:

Abortion:

            It is the expulsion of dead fetus or recognizable size at any stage of gestation.

Agalactia:

            The absence of milk in the udder of freshly parturated dam.

Dystokia:

            Abnormal or difficult birth is called dystokia.

Eutokia:

            It is normal birth of child.

Temperature, Pulse Rate and Respiration Rate (TPR)

Animal	Normal temp (oF)	Normal Pulse rate/min	Normal Respiration/min
Buffalo	100.5	40-60	15-20
Cattle	102	60-70	15-25
Sheep	102	60-70	15-30
Goat	102.5	70-80	15-30
Horse	100	28-40	10-14
Camel	99.5	32-44	5-12
Dog	102	65-90	20-30
Cat	101.5	110-130	30-40
Poultry	107	120-140	15-30

     Formula to convert ^oF in ^oC.

^oC=(^oF-32)/9*5

Age of Puberty in different Animals

Animal	Age of puberty
Cattle	12-22 month
Buffalo	36 months
Horse	12-24 month
Sheep	8-12 month
Goat	6-10 month
Camel	12-24 month
Dog	6-12 month
Cat	7-15 month
Poultry	20-22 week

Estrous Cycle Length in different animals

Species	Classification	Estrous cycle
Cow/Buffalo	Polyestrus	21 days
Mare	Seasonal polyestrus (long day)	21 days
Ewe/Doe	Seasonal polyestrus (short day)	17 days
Queen	Polyestrus	17 days
Bitch	Monoestrus	6 months

Gestation length in different animals

Species	Gestation periods in months	Gestation period in days
Cattle	09±09	270±10 days
Buffalo	10±10	305±10 days
Ewe/Doe	05±05	150±5 days
Mare	11±10	330±10 days
Camel	12±12	365±12 days
Bitch	2±10	60±10 days
Queen	02±10	60±10 days

Average age of different animals

Species	age in years
Cow	15-20 years
Sheep	7-9 years
Goat	8-10 years
Horse	30-50 years
Dog	10-15 years
Cat	09-10 years
Deer	15 years
Camel	30-35 years

Incubation  Period of different Birds

Species	Incubation period	average incubation period
Chicken	20-22 days	21 days
Duck	26-28 days	27 days
Goose	30-33 days	32 days
Turkey	26-28 days	27 days
Parrot	17-31 days	24 days
Pigeon	16-18 days	17 days
Quill	21-28 days	25 days

Rapid TLC Method of Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis (Modified Tapia Method)

7. Rapid TLC Method of Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis (Modified Tapia Method)

Reagents :
i) 4 % KCl (4 g KCl in 100 ml di. water)
ii) 5 N HCl (405.9 ml Conc. HCl in 1 l di. water)
iii) Na2So4 ( anhydrous )
iv) 20 % KOH (20 g KOH in 100 ml di. water)
v) 20 % H2SO4 in ethanol (20 ml Conc. H2SO4 + 80 ml ethanol)

Solvents :

1. Acetonitrile
2. Hexane
3. Chloroform
4. Chloroform : Acetone : Water (88 : 12 : 1)
5. Toluene : Ethyl acetate : Formic acid (5 : 4 : 1)

Standards : 

• Aflatoxin B11 µg/ml in Acetonitrile: Benzene (2 : 98)
• Ochratoxin A 2 µg/ml in Acetonitrile: Benzene (2: 98)
• Zearalenone 50 µg / ml in Benzene
• T-2 toxin 50 µg / ml in Ethyl acetate

         Sterigmatocystin         Citrinin            Oosporein

Procedure :

• Take 25 g sample, add 85 ml acetonitrile, 15 ml 4 % KCl and 2 ml 5 N HCl and blend at high speed for 3 minutes
• Filter through Whatman no. 1 filter paper
• Transfer 50 ml filtrate into a 250 ml separating funnel
• Add 50 ml water, followed by 50 ml hexane and shake well
• Collect the lower layer, add 50 ml hexane again and repeat the above step
• Collect the lower layer into another separating funnel and extract with two 10 ml portions of chloroform
• Drain the chloroform layer through anhydrous Sodium sulphate and evaporate in oven at 50 oC
• Dissolve the residue in 0.2 ml chloroform and spot on TLC plate along with the standards
• Develop plate in chloroform : acetone : water (88 : 12 : 1) in one direction and toluene : ethyl acetate : formic acid (5 : 4 : 1) in the second direction
• Spray zone of spots, corresponding to sterigmatocystin with 20 % aqueous KOH
• Spray zone of spots, corresponding to T-2 toxin with 20 % H2So4 in ethanol and heat at 110C
• View the spots, identify and quantify the toxins as done with individual toxins                                                                                                                                                                                Effective weight of the sample = 25 x 50 = 12.255 g