Nutrition:
It is the science of series of process by which food or feed is taken in and absorbed into the body of an organism which serves for purpose of growth, work , maintenance and repair of the vital process.
Nutrient:
It may be any feed constituent that aids in the support of life.
Concentrate:
The feed stuffs which are rich in TDN and low in fibre contents.
Roughages:
The feed stuffs which are rich in crude fibre and low in total digestible nutrients.
Forage:
Forage is a broad term. Any roughages used for livestock feed including fodder, pasture, range land grasses and straws.
Fodder:
Fodder is a part of forage. It is only cultivated forage which is cut and offered to animals.
Hay:
Green forage harvested during the growing season and preserved by drying for subsequent use during fodder scarcity period.
Silage:
Silage is green plant material preserved by anaerobic fermentation.
Pasture:
A fenced area of domesticated forage, usually improved on which animal are grazed.
Range:
Large, naturally vegetated area of relatively low productivity unfenced grazed by livestock.
Total Digestible Nutrients:
A term used to express the energy value of feed stuffs or feed mixture. It is determined by the summation of the digestible C.P+digestible C.F+ digestible E-E/time*2.25 and + digestible NFE. It express amount of heat or energy present in feed stuffs.
Non Protein Nitrogen:
Nitrogen originating from other than an amino acid sources but may be used by bacteria in the rumen to synthesize protein NPN sources includes compounds like urea and anhydrous ammonia which are used in feed formulation for ruminants.
Microbiology:
Allergy:
It is a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to particular allergen exposure eliciting an altered capacity to react.
Antibody:
It is the immunoglobulin product of B-cells and plasma cells that combines specially with the antigen that activated the cell.
Antigen:
It is the substance that activates the immune system to produce T-cells or B- cells against that substance.
Asepsis:
It is the freedom from infections
Antiseptic:
These are the substances which kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms, which applied locally on living tissues. Like povidine etc.
Disinfectants:
These are the substance which kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms, which are applied on living things. Like phenols etc.
Vaccine:
It is a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms administered for the prevention, or treatment of infectious diseases.
Attenuated Virus:
It is one whose pathogenicity has been reduced by serial animal passage or by other means.
Acquired Immunity:
It is the state of heightened specific immunity acquired by exposure to a particular foreign antigen.
Endotoxin:
The toxin produced after the death of bacteria is known as endotoxin.
Exotoxin:
The toxin produced by live bacteria is known as endotoxin.
Animal Breeding And Genetics:
Acquired Character:
This term applies to possibilities of an environmentally induced change in body becoming hereditary
Aberration:
A change from the normal is known as aberration.
Alleles:
Alternative forms of genes are called alleles.
Correlation:
Association between characteristics of individuals is known as correlation.
Covariance:
Variation that is common between two traits. It may be result from joint hereditary or environmental influences.
Genotype:
This is the complete genetic make up of an individual.
Phenotype:
It is the external appearance or some other observable or measurable characteristics of an individual.
Pedigree:
It is a record of animals from which a given individual is descended. The definition is always extended to include animals, which are collaterally related to an individual.
Progeny:
The young or offspring of the given individuals.
Selection:
The causing or allowing certain individuals to produce the next generation.
Sire:
Sire is the father of an individual.
Calving Interval:
The period between birth of two successive calves from one cow.
Dry Period:
Period of non-lactating between two periods of lactation.
Service Period:
The time from calving to next conception is known as service period.
Gestation Period:
The period from mating to the parturition is known as gestation period.
Proven Sire:
A bull with at least 10 daughters which have completed lactation records and which are born of dams with completed lactation records.
Animal Reproduction:
Abortion:
It is the expulsion of dead fetus or recognizable size at any stage of gestation.
Agalactia:
The absence of milk in the udder of freshly parturated dam.
Dystokia:
Abnormal or difficult birth is called dystokia.
Eutokia:
It is normal birth of child.
Temperature, Pulse Rate and Respiration Rate (TPR)
Animal
|
Normal temp (oF)
|
Normal Pulse rate/min
|
Normal Respiration/min
|
Buffalo
|
100.5
|
40-60
|
15-20
|
Cattle
|
102
|
60-70
|
15-25
|
Sheep
|
102
|
60-70
|
15-30
|
Goat
|
102.5
|
70-80
|
15-30
|
Horse
|
100
|
28-40
|
10-14
|
Camel
|
99.5
|
32-44
|
5-12
|
Dog
|
102
|
65-90
|
20-30
|
Cat
|
101.5
|
110-130
|
30-40
|
Poultry
|
107
|
120-140
|
15-30
|
Formula to convert oF in oC.
oC=(oF-32)/9*5
Age of Puberty in different Animals
Animal
|
Age of puberty
|
Cattle
|
12-22 month
|
Buffalo
|
36 months
|
Horse
|
12-24 month
|
Sheep
|
8-12 month
|
Goat
|
6-10 month
|
Camel
|
12-24 month
|
Dog
|
6-12 month
|
Cat
|
7-15 month
|
Poultry
|
20-22 week
|
Estrous Cycle Length in different animals
Species
|
Classification
|
Estrous cycle
|
Cow/Buffalo
|
Polyestrus
|
21 days
|
Mare
|
Seasonal polyestrus (long day)
|
21 days
|
Ewe/Doe
|
Seasonal polyestrus (short day)
|
17 days
|
Queen
|
Polyestrus
|
17 days
|
Bitch
|
Monoestrus
|
6 months
|
Gestation length in different animals
Species
|
Gestation periods in months
|
Gestation period in days
|
Cattle
|
09±09
|
270±10 days
|
Buffalo
|
10±10
|
305±10 days
|
Ewe/Doe
|
05±05
|
150±5 days
|
Mare
|
11±10
|
330±10 days
|
Camel
|
12±12
|
365±12 days
|
Bitch
|
2±10
|
60±10 days
|
Queen
|
02±10
|
60±10 days
|
Average age of different animals
Species
|
age in years
|
Cow
|
15-20 years
|
Sheep
|
7-9 years
|
Goat
|
8-10 years
|
Horse
|
30-50 years
|
Dog
|
10-15 years
|
Cat
|
09-10 years
|
Deer
|
15 years
|
Camel
|
30-35 years
|
Incubation Period of different Birds
Species
|
Incubation period
|
average incubation period
|
Chicken
|
20-22 days
|
21 days
|
Duck
|
26-28 days
|
27 days
|
Goose
|
30-33 days
|
32 days
|
Turkey
|
26-28 days
|
27 days
|
Parrot
|
17-31 days
|
24 days
|
Pigeon
|
16-18 days
|
17 days
|
Quill
|
21-28 days
|
25 days
|
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