Antibiotics Details with their Withdrawal Time Period

Salt	Description	Mode of Action	Withdrawal Time
Avilamycin	Avilamycin is an orthosomycin antibiotic complex produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Avilamycin is primarily active against gram-positive bacteria.	Avilamycin inhibits protein synthesis. It is thought to bind to 50S ribosomal subunit. It prevents the association of IF2 which inhibits the formation of the mature 70S initiation complex and the correct positioning of the tRNA in the aminoacyl site.	NIL
Bacitracin (ZB, BMD)	Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy, These peptides disrupt Gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis.	Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, also known as bactoprenol, a membrane carrier molecule that transports the building-blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane	It does not absorb in the intestine. So, it has no WHP
Chlortetracycline	Chlortetracycline belong to one of the important classes of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Two of the more common semisynthetic tetracyclines that have been marketed for decades are doxycycline and minocycline. The tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by preventing the association of aminoacyl-tRNA with bacterial ribosomes	Chlortetracycline, like other tetracyclines, competes for the A site of the bacterial ribosome. This binding competes with tRNA carrying amino acids preventing the addition of more amino acids to the peptide chain. This inhibition of protein synthesis ultimately inhibits growth and reproduction of the bacterial cell as necessary proteins cannot be synthesized.	It has withdrawal time of 1-5 days
Colistin Sulphate	Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antibiotic produced by certain strains of the bacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa. Colistin is a mixture of the cyclic polypeptides colistin A and B and belongs to the class of polypeptide antibiotics known as polymyxins. Colistin is effective against most Gram-negative bacilli.	Colistin is a polycationic peptide and has both hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties. These cationic regions interact with the bacterial outer membrane, by displacing magnesium and calcium bacterial counter ions in the lipopolysaccharide. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions interact with the cytoplasmic membrane just like a detergent, solubilizing the membrane in an aqueous environment. This effect is bactericidal even in an isosmolar environment.	7 Days
Enramycin	Enramycin or Enduracidin is a polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fungicidus. Enramycin is widely used as a feed additive for pigs and chickens to prevent necrotic enteritis induced by Gram-positive gut pathogens. It improves weight gain and feed conversion	Enramycin acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme, MurG, which is essential for cell wall biosynthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. MurG catalyzes the transglycosylation reaction in the last step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Inhibiting this step greatly compromises cell wall integrity leading to cell lysis.	7 days
Flavomycin	Bambermycin (flavomycin) is a complex of antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis and Streptomyces ghanaensis used as a food additive for poultry. Bambermycin is predominately effective against Gram-positivepathogenic bacteria	Flavomycin inhibits the transglycosylation step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, a structural component of the bacterial cell wall. This causes accumulation of cell wall intermediates, and leads to lysis and cell death.	Nil
Lincomycin	Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis. Lincomycin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive and cell wall-less bacteria including pathogenic species of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma	Lincomycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the 50 S subunits of bacterial ribosomes and preventing peptide bond formation upon transcription.	Nil
Neomycin	A component of neomycin that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B.	Neomycin is a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and acceptor tRNA sites and results in the production of non-functional or toxic peptides.	Nil
Nosiheptide	Nosiheptide is a sulfur-containing cyclic polypeptide, is highly active against Gram-positive bacteria and few Gram-negative bacteria, especially Clostridium Perfringens, Staphylococcus Aureus. Nosiheptide acts bacteriostatically in low dose and bactericidally in high dose.	Nosiheptide inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by inhibiting function of elongation factors Tu and G and greatly reduce the synthesis of guanosine penta- and tetraphosphates in response to stringent factor.	7 Days
Tylosin	Tylosin is an antibiotic and a bacteriostatic feed additive used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms.	Tylosin has a bacteriostatic effect on susceptible organisms, caused by inhibition of protein synthesis through binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.	5 Days
Tiamulin Hydrogen Fumarate	Tiamulln is a semi-synthetic derivative of pleuromutilin. It is the only member of the pleuromutili ln class of the diterpenic antibiotics which is approved for use at mts time. It is typically available for oral use as the Tiamulin base or the hydrogen fumarate salt. In some references Tiamulln is considered with the macrolide group of antibiotics.	Tiamulin affects bacterial protein synthesis. It has a strong affinity for the 50S ribosomal sub-unit resulting in breakdown in the peptide chain immediately following initiation.	3 Days
Virginiamycin	Virginiamycin is a streptogramin antibiotic similar to pristinamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin. It is a combination of pristinamycin IIA(Virginiamycin M1) and Virginiamycin S1.	virginiamycin M blocks the elongation of polypeptide chains by inhibiting both the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes directed by elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and the peptidyl transferase reaction.	Nil